Very often, automatic dosing is put into place to minimise the amount of work involved in the maintenance process.However, even when automatic dosing is used, regular checks should still be conducted to ensure the system is working as it should be. Exercise caution to avoid serious burns from the high water temperatures used in the heat-and-flush or Pasteurization process. The Chlorine Dioxide oxidizes rapidly and will run out of ammunition that is used to fight bacteria faster than Monochlorine and Chlorine. Again, I disagree. The column mentioned that water conservation efforts were contributing to Legionella incidents without explaining how water treatment chemicals (Chlorine) dissipates in the municipal and building water systems.He asked me to explain how this happens, so I thought it would be best to explain it to everyone in this column.

Flocculation acts as a magnet and attracts other dirt particles.The combined weight of the dirt and flocculants become heavy enough to sink to the bottom of settling basins during the clarification process. Not surprisingly, the standard was turned down for adoption because there were many people that did not know what is in the new standard and there was the fear of the unknown.

It will be proposed again in future code cycles and by then everyone should have a better understanding of what the standard covers. Given the recent water flow rate reductions and fact we must maintain the water mains sizes to accommodate periodic fire flow rates from fire hydrants, the amount of time that water is held in the water mains and distribution piping is exceeding the time required to maintain water treatment chemical levels that will be effective at fighting off contaminants like Legionella, Cryptosporidium, E.coli and many other organic contaminants.Since 1992, shower flow rates have gone from 5 to 7 gallons per minute (gpm) down to 1.75 gpm to 2 gpm. This phenomenon is known chlorine dissipation or some people are calling it “aged water” or “stagnant water.”The water treatment process draws source water in from a well, lake, stream or river. The water utilities have a goal to produce domestic water or drinking water that has a minimum residual disinfectant level between two to four parts per million for Chlorine or Monochlorine. At 21 degrees C, pH 7.6, and 0.1 mg of free chlorine residual per liter, a 99% kill of L. pneumophila was achieved within 40 min, compared with less than 1 min for Escherichia coli. Shock hyperchlorination involves elevating the chlorine dosage to obtain a specified high level throughout the water system and holding it there for a sufficient time to kill the Legionella. Most people are familiar with the smell associated with chlorine (Cl) as it is often used to get rid of potentially harmful bacteria that can contaminate swimming pools, spas and hot tubs. Many water heater manufacturers recommend a mild acid solution be circulated through the heater to de-lime the heater as required in the maintenance instructions. A coagulant is added to remove dirt and other particles suspended in water. Hyperchlorination is usually carried out in either of two ways, shock hyperchlorination or continuous hyperchlorination. Ice machines are often implicated in Legionnaires Disease outbreaks because the cold-water lines supplying the ice machines are typically long flexible copper pipe coiled behind the ice machine to allow for the ice machine to be removed for cleaning and maintenance.As you may have heard ASHRAE has recently published the ASHRAE 188 Legionellosis: Risk control for building water systems. OSHA recommends the hot-water tank be drained periodically to remove scale and sediment, and flushed and cleaned with a chlorine solution, if possible. You should try to maintain a minimum level of 1 ppm of free chlorine in all parts of the building water system in order to have a safety factor for killing bacteria in the water system. ASHRAE Guideline 12 has recommended a couple of degrees safety factor and a minimum hot water distribution temperature of 124°F to all fixtures.Hot water temperatures to all other fixtures will be higher and it can be mixed down to a safe temperature using the proper code-compliant, tempering valve to limit the hot water temperature coming from the fixture outlets for scald protection. Monochlorines are like the distance runner with a single shot rifle hunting bacteria, they dissipate at a slower rate than Chlorine, so the chlorine residuals are there for a long period. Previously, water would take about three to four days to flow from the water treatment plant to the farthest outlet. The rate of dissipation from 4 ppm to 0.5 ppm could take 10 to 12 days in PVC or lined cast iron piping systems.For unlined cast iron piping systems, it takes about 4-½ days for the chlorine to dissipate from 4 ppm down to 0.5 parts per million. It should be noted that chlorine is quite corrosive and can shorten the service life of plumbing components if the chlorine levels are too high. Once established, biofilm can be very difficult to remove and can become a problematic source of bacteria causing re-infection.It is often best to conduct a thorough cleaning of the water system prior to adding the biocide to it.

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