In his famous experiment, Rutherford bombarded a thin sheet (0.00006 cm thick) of gold foil with alpha (α-) particles in an evacuated chamber. The lead block acts as a shield and sharpens the beam. Rutherford named it the “nucleus” after experimenting with various gases. When Rutherford along with his colleague shot alpha particles, the positively charged helium nuclei, on a very thin gold foil, unexpected scattering of the particles was observed. Rutherford's conclusion came while observing #alpha# particles (#""_2^4 "He"#) being fired in his famous gold foil experiment.. The gold foil experiment was a pathbreaking work conducted by scientists Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden under the supervision of Nobel laureate physicist Ernest Rutherford that led to the discovery of the proper structure of an atom. In the experiment, Rutherford and his two students studied how alpha particles fired at a thin piece of gold foil were deflected.

Rutherford, in his experiment, directed high energy streams of α-particles from a radioactive source at a thin sheet (100 nm thickness) of gold. Since the positively charged alpha particles possess mass and move very fast, it was hypothesize…

The #alpha# particles were radiated through a thin slit to focus them so that they fired as a narrow beam at the gold foil, behind which was a movable fluorescent screen to detect any #alpha# particles that made it through.. His two primary observations were: The experiment that convinced Ernest Rutherford that atom has a small positively charged nucleus is the Gold Foil Experiment. Principle of Rutherford’s experiment By bombarding a very thin gold foil with alpha particles, Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden, both students of Rutherford, observed that a small fraction (1 in 8000) of these particles were deflected at large angle as if it bounced off a heavy obstacle. The illustration above depicts a radioactive source enclosed in a lead block liberates alpha particles. The particles that got deflected by huge angles passed close to the said concentrated mass. Rutherford’s gold foil experiment (Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering experiment) refers to an experiment carried out by Ernest Rutherford, Hans Geiger, and Ernest Marsden at the University of Manchester in the early 1900s. As a result of his gold foil experiment, Rutherford’s atomic theory holds good even today. They bombarded a thin gold foil of thickness approximately 8.6 x 10Like the plum pudding model, since the positive charge of atoms was evenly distributed and too small as compared to that of the alpha particles, the deflection of the particulate matter was predicted to be less than a small fraction of a degree.Though most of the alpha particles behaved as expected, there was a noticeable fraction of particles that got scattered by angles greater than 90 degrees. According to the theory, an atom was a positively charged sphere with the electrons embedded in it like plums in a Christmas pudding.With neutrons and protons yet to be discovered, the theory was derived following the classical Newtonian Physics. For the experiment, a radioactive source which emits alpha particles was kept in front of a thin gold foil. The following observations were made on the results obtained. The source and the gold foil was surrounded by a screen with a zinc sulphide coating, and the air was pumped out to ensure that the equipment were all within a vacuum. To study the deflection, he placed a screen made up of zinc sulfide around the gold foil. Most of the particles moved undeviated as there was no obstruction to their path, proving that the majority of an atom is empty.In addition to the above, Rutherford concluded that since the central core could deflect the dense alpha particles, it shows that almost the entire mass of the atom is concentrated there. The experiment was not a single experiment but a series of experiments.


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