ones – that have been under more intense study.It is now possible to As a Germanic tribe, they would have brought haplogroups The Visigothic Kingdom was the larger and longer lived than the Suebi Kingdom, and yet the Goths do not seem to have had any significant genetic impact on the Iberian population - at least not in terms of Germanic Y-DNA.

Portuguese traditional grapevine cultivars and wild vines (Vitis vinifera L.) share morphological and genetic traits November 2009 Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 56(7):975-989 Consequently, whereas their paternal lineages spread like a wild fire in all conquered regions, we observe a slowly declining gradient from east to west for maternal haplogroups. This is because genes spread fast in a population linked by a common language and a unified political entity. This long political unity has favoured intermarriages within each country for much longer than in, say, Italy or Germany, which had a moderate uniformising effect on each country's gene pool.A wide range of peoples have settled in Iberia since the end of the last Ice Age. In North Africa these would have been almost exclusively people belonging to Y-haplogroup E-M81 and mt-haplogroup L, M1 and U6. the whole genome except the X and Y chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA), Iberian people are remarkably homogeneous - in a way that couldn't be guessed by looking at the distribution of Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups only. passage graves) like their Neolithic ancestors. But the Romans also assimilated many neighbouring tribes in Italy, including the Etruscans and the Greeks, who would both have carried E-V13, E-M34, G2a, J2a, R1b-L23 and T lineages.

I2a lineages were Likewise, other branches of haplogroup I found in Iberia today, namely I1 and I2a2a (M223), originated in other parts of Europe and arrived to Iberia much later, brought by Germanic tribes in the fifth century CE (see below).The presence of G2a and other Near Eastern lineages like E1b1b, J1, J2a and T among both the Basques and Sardinians confirms the mixed Mesolithic and Neolithic origin of both populations, and further corroborates the hypothesis of an early assimilation of indigenous Europeans by Near Eastern farmers and herders.Another Neolithic expansion originating from the Middle East appears to have diffused across North Africa when the climate was wetter and greener than today. At one point, Moriscos accounted for 20% of the population of Aragon. In central Europe, where no Megalithic culture existed, bell beaker artefacts nevertheless appear due to the presence of western European merchants.It is perhaps the wealth of Megalithic people that attracted, through the Beaker network, the The Pyrenees slowed the progression of the Proto-Celts toward Iberia, but eventually, around 1800 BCE, the first foreign Bronze Age cultures make their appearance in El Argar and Los Millares in south-east Spain, with sporadic sites showing up in Castile by 1700 BCE and in Extremadura and southern Portugal by 1500 BCE.These Early Bronze Age sites typically did not have more than some bronze daggers or axes and cannot be considered proper Bronze Age societies, but rather Copper Age societies with occasional bronze artefacts (perhaps imported). It could be argued that Iberia started to homogenise from the time of the Reconquista, when northerners recolonised in the south, and in the ensuing centuries, when intermarriages brought very slowly but steadily Spaniards together, especially in cities. The Eupedia is partnering with Living DNA to map the genetic variations between Spanish and Portuguese regions. Haplogroups F, I1 and I2 were all found next to G2a in various sites tested. The Beaker people continued to use common Megalithic burials (e.g. All this is entirely consistent with an exclusively Neolithic origin of those lineages and a negligible Roman or Jewish heritage.The Bedouin-like admixture is the dominant component and accounts for approximately 10% of the Central and South Spanish DNA. The only caveat is that these figures do not take into account the genetic contribution of Neolithic herders who may have come from Southwest Asia via North Africa. It would be pretty complicated at the moment to untangle the Balkanic E1b1b and J2 from all the others (Neolithic, Phoenician, Greek, Roman, Jewish, Arabic) found in Iberia. The Southwest Asian admixture is only substantial in south-west Iberia. possible to trace back a person's paternal line thousands of years.The mitochondrial and The highest level in probably found along the Mediterranean coast, in western Andalusia and in Extremadura, because this is where R1b-L23, J2 and E-V13 are the highest, but also because this is where the main Roman population centres were found.The Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain started with the Umayyad conquest of Iberia in 711 and lasted until the end of the Caliphate of Cordoba and the Almoravid invasion in the 11th century. The problem is that it is (2008) in their survey of Spanish paternal lineages (see table below) - although no comparable study exists for mtDNA (only for Ashkenazi Jews). different type of information about our genetics and its origins.


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